Abdominal Sonography (Ultrasound)
| 常見問題 Questions | 說明 Explanation |
|---|---|
| 肝實質變化 Liver parenchymal change | 肝實質病變意謂的是，實質的器官肝臟的內部構造，在腹部超音波掃描下，其紋理看起來亂亂的，沒有正常肝臟般細緻，這種現象通常是顯示肝臟過去曾經發炎，或是現正處於發炎所引起的肝內纖維組織增生或纖維化。 A disease of the liver that involves a process of progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis and carcinoma, resulting from an inflammatory, infiltrative, immunological, mechanical or metabolic injury, persisting for 6 months or more, without its complete reversibility to normal is known as chronic liver disease. Ultrasound is a simple and non-invasive diagnostic tool in the abdominal field. |
| 肝腫瘤 Liver tumor | 肝癌早期無症狀，如果等到症狀出現才就醫，多半是晚期了。因此，定期檢查非常重要，因為早期發現的肝癌是可以治療的。早期診斷肝癌的方法是抽血檢查血中甲型胎兒蛋白 (AFP) 及腹部超音波檢查。 Ultrasound is often the first test used to look at the liver. It uses sound waves to create an image on a computer screen. This test can show tumors growing in the liver, which then can be tested for cancer, if needed. |
| 脂肪肝 Fatty liver | 就是肝細胞內有脂肪聚積。造成的原因有肥胖、營養過剩、酗酒、糖尿病、藥物、急性或慢性肝炎等。檢查結果可分為：輕、中及重度。脂肪肝並非一種獨立疾病，而是被視為「代謝症候群」的徵兆之一，要積極改變生活和飲食型態，才能減輕脂肪肝的程度。 Fat accumulation is one of the most common abnormalities of the liver depicted on cross-sectional images. Common patterns include diffuse fat accumulation, diffuse fat accumulation with focal sparing, and focal fat accumulation in an otherwise normal liver. |
| 肝囊腫 Hepatic cyst | 俗稱「肝水泡」，是個密閉的囊腔，內部充滿液體，通常是無害的。但少數多發性或較大的囊腫可能會有症狀或逐漸變大，因此仍建議定期追蹤檢查。 Hepatic cysts are generally found incidentally on imaging studies. They are usually asymptomatic but can sometimes be associated with serious complications. Larger cysts are more likely to result in symptoms from complications such as hemorrhage, rupture, infection, or compression of the biliary tree. |
| 多囊肝 Polycystic liver disease | 多囊肝的囊腫多數呈多發性，少數為單發性，也有因多房性融合成單發性。多囊肝絕大多數累及全肝，囊內含清亮的無膽汁的液體，肝臟增大變形，肝表面可見大小不一的灰白色囊腫，可小如針尖，大如兒頭，肝切面呈蜂窩狀。囊腫亦可密集於肝的一葉，以右葉較多。囊腫大小可自針尖大小至8-10cm，但極少超過10cm。 Polycystic liver disease is an inherited disorder estimated to affect around 1 in 100,000 people. It is characterized by the progressive growth of cysts of various sizes scattered throughout the liver. People affected by this condition tend to have more and larger cysts as they age. Many affected individuals do not have symptoms. |
| 肝血管瘤 Hemangioma | 肝內血管異常增生，形成像腫瘤的東西，可以是單發或多發性的，是肝內最常見的良性瘤，並非肝癌。是否需定期追蹤可詢問專科醫師。 Hemangiomas are ubiquitous vascular neoplasms that may be found in virtually every human organ. They are benign tumors. Although hemangiomas may occur anywhere within the abdomen, the liver is the most common site. Typically, hemangiomas have a pathognomonic imaging appearance. |
| 腎結石 Renal stone | 是尿液中的礦物質結晶沈積在腎臟裡，有時會移動到輸尿管或膀胱，所以建議至泌尿科複查。它們的體積小至沙粒般，也有些大到像個高爾夫球。較小的腎結石大量喝水時常會隨尿液排出體外，較大的結石可能必須做體外震波碎石術。平時須喝足量的水，每天大約 2-2.5公升，以防腎結石。 Renal stone disease is common. Ultrasound is a safe, non-invasive and non-expensive technique able to evaluate patients with renal colic. The diagnosis of renal colic is based on the detection of stones and the consecutive obstruction of the excretory system. |
| 單純性腎囊腫(良性) Simple renal cyst | 常見，少數個案會合併高血壓或腰痠，建議至泌尿科或腎臟科追蹤檢查。 A simple kidney cyst is the most common type of renal cyst. It is a fluid-filled sac that originates from the surface of the kidney. One or more simple cysts may form within the same kidney. |
| 多囊腎 Polycystic kidney disease | 是一種顯性遺傳疾病，男性以及女性的發生機率是一樣的。當生長異常的水泡長滿了腎臟的時候，正常的腎臟組織就失去了功能，目前多囊性腎臟病無法有效的治療，需定期門診追蹤。 The kidneys are normal at birth, and with time develop multiple cysts. At the age of 30 years, approximately 68% of patients will have visible cysts by ultrasound. That figure increases over time, such that essentially all patients eventually demonstrate cystic change. By the age of 60 years, approximately 50% of patients have end stage renal failure. The risk of renal cancer is not increased. |
| 膽囊炎 Cholecystitis | 絕大多數是因為膽結石卡在膽囊的出口，造成膽囊裏的膽汁流不出去而引起細菌過度繁殖而發炎。很多時候這卡住的石頭會離開膽囊口或跑到膽囊外面去而解除症狀，若這種情形反覆發生，則會造成慢性膽囊炎；若這結石卡死了，症狀不但無法解除，且會越來越嚴重，引起急性膽囊炎。 Acute cholecystitis is defined as an acute inflammation of the gallbladder wall, regardless of the cause. In the many of cases, the underlying etiology is the obstruction of the cystic duct due to an impacted stone in either the neck of the gallbladder or the cystic duct. Ultrasound is currently considered the preferred initial imaging technique for patients who are clinically suspected of having acute calculous cholecystitis. |
| 膽結石 Gallstone | 飲食習慣與膽結石的發生有相當密切的關聯性。根據統計，家族中有膽結石病史、嗜高膽固醇食物、嗜油膩食物、嗜甜食者、膽固醇過高、肥胖等，都是容易罹患膽結石的高危險群。 當肥胖或飲食中油脂、膽固醇過多時，易使膽汁中膽固醇的含量上升，造成膽汁過於黏稠，結石因而形成。 Gallstones are hardened collections of bile materials that develop in the gallbladder. They can be as small as a grain of sand or as big as a ping pong ball. Most don’t cause problems, but they can cause problems if they get loose and travel into the bile ducts. The condition of having gallstones is called cholelithiasis. |
| 膽囊息肉 Gallbladder polyp | 膽囊息肉是指膽囊內壁黏膜上突起的增生組織，在超音波影像上，呈小結節狀或乳頭狀隆起物，多數病患沒有不適感，通常在例行健檢或是膽結石術後才發現膽囊息肉。可分為良性或惡性病變，大部分的膽囊息肉為良性病變，部分尺寸較大的息肉可能是惡性腫瘤。 Gallbladder polyps are protuberances of the gallbladder wall projecting into the lumen. They are usually incidentally found during abdominal sonography or diagnosed on histopathology of a surgery specimen, with an estimated prevalence of up to 9.5% of patients. Gallbladder polyps are not mobile and do not demonstrate posterior acoustic shadowing; they may be sessile or pedunculated. |
| 胰臟 Pancreas | 由於胰臟位於體內深處，常會因腸管積氣、肥胖，超音波傳導受阻，無法清楚呈現，影響到診斷準確度，此時建議複查。若胰臟內出現囊泡，也需定期追蹤觀察其變化。 The pancreas is a lobulated, thin, elongated organ that is divided into three parts: the right lobe, the left lobe, and the body. It is one of the most difficult structures to identify in the normal patient due to the similar echogenicity and echostructure of the pancreas and the adjacent mesentery and fat. Pancreatic ultrasound can be used to assess for pancreatic malignancy, pancreatitis and its complications, as well as for other pancreatic dieseases. |
| 脾腫大 Splenomegaly | 正常脾臟的功能主要有三個：第一是清除衰老的紅血球，第二是產生抗體，第三則是清除被抗體附著的細菌。因此當人體對以上三種生理功能的需求增加時，就可能造成脾臟腫大。最常見的原因是海洋性貧血和肝硬化。 Splenomegaly is an important clinical finding that can have significant diagnostic implications. Its presence may be an important clue to malignancy, infections, or inflammatory conditions. Conversely, the absence of splenomegaly can also be an important finding and influence the diagnostic evaluation. |
