常用的專業術語 Commonly Used Professional Terminology
我們都知道，在臨床實務上，中文、英文全名、英文縮寫三語混用是日常。以下的內容不只是單字列表，更會點出術語背後的臨床思路，希望能協助您了解這些專業術語。 As we all know, in clinical practice, it is common to use a mix of Chinese, full English names, and English abbreviations. The following content is not just a vocabulary list; it also highlights the clinical reasoning behind the terms, aiming to help you understand this professional language.
第一站：踏入臨床的第一步 First Stop: The First Step into Clinical Practice
所有醫療互動都從這裡開始。從病人的主訴到我們團隊中的每一個人，這些是每天都會用到的基礎詞彙。 All medical interactions start here. From the patient’s chief complaint to every member of our team, these are the foundational terms used daily.
常見症狀與病患主訴 (Patient’s Chief Complaint) Common Symptoms & Patient’s Chief Complaint
診斷的起點，就是把病人的主觀感受（「我覺得發燒」、「胸口悶痛」），轉化為客觀數據（體溫38.5°C、心電圖顯示ST段抬高）的過程。所以，聽懂病人的話是第一步。 The starting point of diagnosis is the process of translating a patient’s subjective feelings (“I feel feverish,” “I have chest tightness”) into objective data (body temperature 38.5°C, ECG shows ST-segment elevation). Therefore, understanding the patient is the first step.
| 中文名稱Term | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| 發燒Fever | Fever | – |
| 咳嗽Cough | Cough | – |
| 頭痛Headache | Headache | – |
| 胸痛Chest Pain | Chest Pain | – |
| 腹瀉Diarrhea | Diarrhea | – |
| 噁心Nausea | Nausea | – |
| 嘔吐Vomit | Vomit | – |
| 呼吸短促Shortness of Breath | Shortness of Breath | SOB |
| 胃痛Stomachache | Stomachache | – |
| 頭暈Dizziness | Dizzy / Dizziness | – |
| 流鼻水Running Nose | Running Nose | – |
| 鼻塞Stuffy Nose | Stuffy Nose | – |
| 便秘Constipation | Constipation | – |
| 關節痛Joint Pain | Joint Pain | – |
| 癌症Cancer | Cancer | – |
| 糖尿病Diabetes Mellitus | Diabetes Mellitus | DM |
| 高血壓Hypertension | High Blood Pressure / Hypertension | HBP / HTN |
| 中風Stroke | Stroke | – |
臨床科別與醫護人員 Clinical Departments & Medical Personnel
在會診 (Consult, C/S) 和交班時，科別縮寫滿天飛。熟悉這些縮寫，是團隊溝通的基本功。 During consultations (C/S) and handovers, department abbreviations are used frequently. Familiarity with these is fundamental for team communication.
| 中文名稱Term | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| 科別 (Departments)Departments | ||
| 內科Internal Medicine | Internal Medicine / Medical Department | Med |
| 外科Surgery | Surgery / Surgery Department | Surg / S |
| 婦產科Obstetrics & Gynecology | Obstetrics and Gynecology | OBG / GYN |
| 小兒科Pediatrics | Pediatrics | Ped |
| 急診室Emergency Room | Emergency Room | ER |
| 加護病房Intensive Care Unit | Intensive Care Unit | ICU |
| 心臟內科Cardiology | Cardiology | CV |
| 心臟外科Cardiovascular Surgery | Cardiovascular Surgery | CVS |
| 胸腔內科Chest Medicine | Chest Medicine | CM |
| 腸胃內科Gastroenterology | Gastroenterology | GI |
| 腎臟科Nephrology | Nephrology | Nephro |
| 神經科Neurology | Neurology | Neuro |
| 神經外科Neurosurgery | Neurosurgery | NS |
| 骨科Orthopedics | Orthopedics | Ortho |
| 泌尿科Urology | Urology | Uro |
| 耳鼻喉科ENT | Ear, Nose, Throat | ENT |
| 眼科Ophthalmology | Ophthalmology | Oph |
| 復健科Rehabilitation | Rehabilitation | Reh |
| 腫瘤科Oncology | Oncology | – |
| 人員 (Personnel)Personnel | ||
| 主治醫師Attending Physician / VS | Attending Physician / Visiting Staff | VS |
| 住院醫師Resident | Resident | R |
| 實習醫師Intern | Intern | – |
| 專科護理師Nurse Practitioner | Nurse Practitioner | NP |
| 護理師Nurse | Nurse | – |
| 藥劑師Pharmacist | Pharmacist | – |
| 醫事檢驗師Medical Technologist | Medical Technologist | – |
| 病人Patient | Patient | – |
| 門診病人Outpatient | Outpatient | OPD |
解碼身體的秘密：看懂檢驗報告 Decoding the Body’s Secrets: Understanding Lab Reports
這裡是本指南的核心。我們將按照檢驗科的分類，一步步拆解這些數據背後的意義。 This is the core of the guide. We will break down the meaning behind the data, categorized by laboratory sections.
血液學檢驗 (Hematology) Hematology
臨床小提示：Clinical Tip: 看CBC報告，千萬別只看單一紅字，高手看的是「組合技」！例如，Hb低下是貧血，但結合MCV才能判斷是小球性（可能缺鐵）還是大球性（可能缺B12/葉酸）。WBC升高，如果伴隨Neutrophil比例增加（Left shift），就強烈暗示是細菌感染。從數據模式中找線索，是判讀的精髓。 When reading a CBC report, don’t just look at individual abnormal values; experts look for “combinations”! For example, low Hb indicates anemia, but combining it with MCV helps determine if it’s microcytic (possible iron deficiency) or macrocytic (possible B12/folate deficiency). Elevated WBC with an increased neutrophil ratio (Left shift) strongly suggests a bacterial infection. Finding clues in data patterns is the essence of interpretation.
| 中文名稱Term | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbr. | 臨床意義簡述Brief Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| 全血球計數Complete Blood Count | Complete Blood Count | CBC | 最基本的血液篩檢，評估血球數量與特性。Basic blood screening to assess blood cell quantity and characteristics. |
| 白血球計數White Blood Cell Count | White Blood Cell Count | WBC | 升高可能為感染、發炎；降低可能為病毒感染、造血問題。Elevated may mean infection/inflammation; decreased may mean viral infection or hematopoietic issues. |
| 白血球分類計數Differential Count | Differential Count | DC | 分析各類WBC比例，鑑別感染類型（細菌/病毒/過敏）。Analyzes WBC proportions to differentiate infection types (bacterial/viral/allergic). |
| – 中性球– Neutrophil | Neutrophil | Neut | 細菌感染、發炎時的「第一線部隊」。The “frontline troops” in bacterial infections and inflammation. |
| – 淋巴球– Lymphocyte | Lymphocyte | Lym | 病毒感染時的主要戰力。The main combat force against viral infections. |
| – 單核球– Monocyte | Monocyte | Mono | 對抗慢性感染、自體免疫疾病。Fights chronic infections and autoimmune diseases. |
| – 嗜酸性球– Eosinophil | Eosinophil | Eos | 過敏、寄生蟲感染時會升高。Elevated in allergies and parasitic infections. |
| – 嗜鹼性球– Basophil | Basophil | Baso | 與過敏、慢性發炎有關。Related to allergies and chronic inflammation. |
| 紅血球計數Red Blood Cell Count | Red Blood Cell Count | RBC | 評估貧血或多血症。Assesses for anemia or polycythemia. |
| 血紅素Hemoglobin | Hemoglobin | Hb / HGB | 攜帶氧氣的關鍵蛋白，貧血嚴重程度的主要指標。Key oxygen-carrying protein; main indicator of anemia severity. |
| 血容比Hematocrit | Hematocrit | Hct | 紅血球在血液中的體積占比。The volume percentage of RBCs in the blood. |
| 平均血球容積Mean Corpuscular Volume | Mean Corpuscular Volume | MCV | 貧血分類的關鍵（大球/小球）。Key for classifying anemia (macrocytic/microcytic). |
| 平均血球血紅素Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | MCH | 每個RBC的平均Hb量。Average amount of Hb per RBC. |
| 平均血球血紅素濃度Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration | MCHC | Hb在RBC中的濃度。Concentration of Hb in a given volume of packed RBCs. |
| 紅血球分佈寬度Red Blood Cell Distribution Width | Red Blood Cell Distribution Width | RDW | 看RBC大小是否一致，輔助貧血診斷。Measures variation in RBC size, aids in anemia diagnosis. |
| 血小板計數Platelet Count | Platelet Count | PLT | 凝血功能的主力。太低易出血，太高易血栓。Primary for coagulation. Too low risks bleeding; too high risks thrombosis. |
| 網狀紅血球Reticulocyte | Reticulocyte | Retic | 不成熟的RBC，反映骨髓造血能力。Immature RBCs, reflecting bone marrow’s production capability. |
| 中文名稱Term | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| 凝血酶原時間Prothrombin Time | Prothrombin Time | PT |
| 活化部分凝血活酶時間Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time | Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time | aPTT |
| 出血時間Bleeding Time | Bleeding Time | BT |
| 國際標準化比值International Normalized Ratio | International Normalized Ratio | INR |
臨床生化學檢驗 (Biochemistry) Clinical Biochemistry
臨床小提示：Clinical Tip: 在臨床上，我們常開立「生化套餐」(BMP/CMP)，因為人體器官是連動的。例如，腎功能不好 (Crea ↑) 可能導致電解質失衡 (K+ ↑)；肝功能極差也可能反過來影響腎臟。從套餐的整體數據，更能看出病人的全面代謝狀態。 Clinically, we often order “biochemistry panels” (BMP/CMP) because the body’s organs are interconnected. For example, poor kidney function (Crea ↑) can lead to electrolyte imbalance (K+ ↑); severe liver dysfunction can, in turn, affect the kidneys. The panel’s overall data provides a better view of the patient’s comprehensive metabolic status.
| 類別Category | 中文名稱Term | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbr. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 肝功能Liver Function | 丙氨酸氨基轉移酶Alanine Aminotransferase | Alanine Aminotransferase | ALT / SGPT |
| 天門冬胺酸氨基轉移酶Aspartate Aminotransferase | Aspartate Aminotransferase | AST / SGOT | |
| 鹼性磷酸酶Alkaline Phosphatase | Alkaline Phosphatase | ALP / ALK-P | |
| 總蛋白Total Protein | Total Protein | TP | |
| 白蛋白Albumin | Albumin | ALB | |
| 總膽紅素Total Bilirubin | Total Bilirubin | T-Bil | |
| γ-谷氨酰轉肽酶Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase | Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase | GGT / γ-GT | |
| 腎功能/電解質Renal/Electrolytes | 尿素氮Blood Urea Nitrogen | Blood Urea Nitrogen | BUN |
| 肌酸酐Creatinine | Creatinine | Crea | |
| 尿酸Uric Acid | Uric Acid | UA | |
| 鈉 / 鉀 / 氯Sodium / Potassium / Chloride | Sodium / Potassium / Chloride | Na / K / Cl | |
| 鈣 / 磷Calcium / Phosphate | Calcium / Phosphate | Ca / P | |
| 血脂/心肌酵素Lipids/Cardiac Enzymes | 總膽固醇Total Cholesterol | Total Cholesterol | T-Chol |
| 三酸甘油脂Triglyceride | Triglyceride | TG | |
| 高/低密度脂蛋白膽固醇HDL / LDL Cholesterol | HDL-C / LDL-C | HDL-C / LDL-C | |
| 肌酸激酶Creatine Kinase | Creatine Kinase | CK / CPK | |
| 肌鈣蛋白 T/ITroponin T/I | Troponin T/I | cTnT / cTnI |
尿液常規檢驗 (Urinalysis, U/A) Urinalysis (U/A)
U/A 是一個便宜、非侵入性卻資訊量爆表的檢查。判讀時，務必結合化學試紙和沉渣鏡檢。例如，Nitrite(+) 強烈暗示UTI，若鏡檢又看到WBC Casts，就能將病灶定位到腎臟。 U/A is an inexpensive, non-invasive test packed with information. For interpretation, it’s crucial to combine chemical strip results with sediment microscopy. For example, a positive Nitrite strongly suggests a UTI; if WBC casts are also seen in microscopy, the lesion can be localized to the kidney.
| 類別Category | 中文名稱Term | 英文名稱English Name | 英文縮寫Abbr. | 臨床意義簡述Brief Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 外觀Appearance | 顏色/混濁度Color/Clarity | Color/Clarity | – | 異常顏色或混濁可能暗示脫水、血尿、感染。Abnormal color or turbidity may suggest dehydration, hematuria, or infection. |
| 比重Specific Gravity | Specific Gravity | SG | 反映腎臟濃縮能力。Reflects the kidney’s concentrating ability. | |
| 化學Chemistry | 酸鹼值pH | pH | pH | 鹼性尿可能與某些細菌感染有關。Alkaline urine may be associated with certain bacterial infections. |
| 尿蛋白Protein | Protein | PRO | 持續出現是腎臟疾病的重要警訊。Persistent presence is a key warning sign of kidney disease. | |
| 尿糖Glucose | Glucose | GLU | 血糖過高的指標，常見於糖尿病。Indicator of high blood sugar, common in diabetes. | |
| 酮體Ketone | Ketone | KET | 飢餓或失控的DM，脂肪代謝的產物。Product of fat metabolism in starvation or uncontrolled DM. | |
| 潛血Occult Blood | Occult Blood | BLD / OB | 泌尿道出血、結石、感染的線索。Clue for urinary tract bleeding, stones, or infection. | |
| 亞硝酸鹽Nitrite | Nitrite | NIT | 泌尿道感染的有力證據。Strong evidence for urinary tract infection. | |
| 白血球酯酶Leukocyte Esterase | Leukocyte Esterase | LEU | 泌尿道發炎或感染的信號。Signal for urinary tract inflammation or infection. | |
| 鏡檢Microscopy | 紅血球/白血球RBC/WBC | RBC/WBC | RBC/WBC | 數量增加分別代表血尿與發炎/感染。Increased numbers indicate hematuria and inflammation/infection, respectively. |
| 上皮細胞Epithelial Cell | Epithelial Cell | Epith | 大量鱗狀上皮細胞代表檢體污染。Numerous squamous cells indicate sample contamination. | |
| 圓柱體Cast | Cast | – | 直接將病灶定位到腎臟的關鍵證據。Key evidence for localizing the lesion to the kidney. | |
| 細菌Bacteria | Bacteria | – | 搭配WBC判斷是否有意義的感染。Judged with WBCs to determine significant infection. |
免疫與血清學檢驗 (Immunology & Serology) Immunology & Serology
臨床小提示：IgM vs. IgG 的故事。Clinical Tip: The Story of IgM vs. IgG. 解讀感染血清報告，要分清這兩種抗體。IgM 是「先遣部隊」，陽性代表急性或近期感染。IgG 是「資深常備軍」，陽性代表曾經感染或有免疫力。這個原則是判斷B肝、德國麻疹等感染階段的核心。 When interpreting serology reports, distinguish between these two antibodies. IgM is the “vanguard,” and a positive result indicates an acute or recent infection. IgG is the “veteran army,” and a positive result indicates a past infection or immunity. This principle is key to determining the stage of infections like Hepatitis B and Rubella.
| 中文名稱Term | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| C-反應蛋白C-Reactive Protein | C-Reactive Protein | CRP |
| 紅血球沉降速率Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | ESR |
| 類風濕性因子Rheumatoid Factor | Rheumatoid Factor | RF |
| 抗核抗體Antinuclear Antibody | Antinuclear Antibody | ANA |
| B型肝炎表面抗原Hepatitis B Surface Antigen | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen | HBsAg |
| B型肝炎表面抗體Antibody to HBsAg | Antibody to HBsAg | Anti-HBs / HBsAb |
| C型肝炎病毒抗體Antibody to HCV | Antibody to HCV | Anti-HCV |
| 人類免疫缺乏病毒抗體Antibody to HIV | Antibody to HIV | Anti-HIV |
深入體內：影像學與醫療程序 A Deeper Look Inside: Imaging and Medical Procedures
當抽血驗尿還不夠，我們就需要這些「透視眼」來幫忙，直接看到體內的結構與功能。 When blood and urine tests are not enough, we need these “X-ray eyes” to directly see the body’s internal structures and functions.
診斷影像學 (Diagnostic Imaging) Diagnostic Imaging
選擇最合適的影像檢查是重要的臨床決策。X光快又便宜，適合看骨頭和胸腔初步評估；CT對急性出血和腹部器官很強；MRI則是看軟組織（大腦、脊髓、關節）的王者。 Choosing the most appropriate imaging study is a critical clinical decision. X-rays are fast and cheap, suitable for initial assessment of bones and the chest. CT is excellent for acute hemorrhage and abdominal organs. MRI is the king for soft tissues (brain, spinal cord, joints).
| 檢查項目Modality | 英文縮寫Abbr. | 原理/優勢Principle / Advantages | 限制/注意事項Limitations / Cautions |
|---|---|---|---|
| X光攝影X-ray | X-ray | 利用X光穿透性成像，快速、便宜，看骨折、肺炎。Uses X-ray penetration for imaging; fast, cheap, good for fractures, pneumonia. | 軟組織解析度差，有輻射。Poor soft tissue resolution; involves radiation. |
| 電腦斷層掃描Computed Tomography | CT | 多角度X光重組成像，對骨骼、急性出血、肺部解析度極佳。Reconstructs images from multiple X-ray angles; excellent resolution for bones, acute bleeds, lungs. | 輻射劑量較高，對比劑可能過敏/傷腎。Higher radiation dose; contrast agent may cause allergy/nephrotoxicity. |
| 磁振造影Magnetic Resonance Imaging | MRI | 利用強磁場與無線電波，對大腦、脊髓、關節等軟組織有絕佳對比。Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves; excellent contrast for soft tissues like brain, spine, joints. | 時間長、噪音大，體內有金屬植入物者禁做。Time-consuming, noisy, contraindicated for patients with metallic implants. |
| 正子電腦斷層掃描Positron Emission Tomography | PET | 偵測放射性葡萄糖代謝，評估癌症分期與活性。Detects metabolism of radioactive glucose to assess cancer staging and activity. | 輻射劑量高、昂貴，血糖控制不佳會影響準確性。High radiation dose, expensive; accuracy affected by poor glycemic control. |
診斷性醫療程序 (Procedures) Diagnostic Procedures
內視鏡 (Endoscopy) 就是把攝影機伸進體內，直接觀察消化道。而心電圖 (ECG) 和心臟超音波 (Echo) 雖然都看心臟，但前者看「電路」，後者看「結構與功能」，兩者互補，缺一不可。 Endoscopy involves inserting a camera into the body to directly observe the digestive tract. While both ECG and Echocardiogram examine the heart, the former assesses its “electrical circuits” and the latter its “structure and function.” They are complementary and indispensable.
| 檢查項目Procedure | 英文全名 (縮寫)Full English Name (Abbr.) | 檢查範圍Scope of Examination |
|---|---|---|
| 上消化道內視鏡 (胃鏡)Upper GI Endoscopy | Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD / PES) | 食道、胃、十二指腸前半段。Esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the duodenum. |
| 下消化道內視鏡 (大腸鏡)Lower GI Endoscopy (Colonoscopy) | Colonoscopy | 整個大腸。The entire colon. |
| 內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影ERCP | Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | 診斷與治療膽道、胰管疾病。Diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic duct diseases. |
| 心電圖Electrocardiogram | Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) | 記錄心臟的電氣活動，抓心律不整、心肌缺氧。Records the heart’s electrical activity to detect arrhythmias and ischemia. |
| 心臟超音波Echocardiogram | Echocardiogram (Echo) | 評估心臟的結構與收縮功能。Assesses the heart’s structure and contractile function. |
最後一哩路：診斷、分期與醫囑 The Final Mile: Diagnosis, Staging, and Orders
整合所有資訊，做出診斷，並用標準化的「醫囑語言」下達治療指令。 Integrate all information, make a diagnosis, and issue treatment instructions using standardized “doctor’s order” language.
常見臨床診斷與TNM分期 Common Clinical Diagnoses & TNM Staging
在病歷上，這些疾病縮寫是為了提升書寫效率。而TNM分期則是全球通用的癌症語言，T代表原發腫瘤大小，N代表淋巴結轉移，M代表遠端轉移。看懂TNM，就掌握了病人的癌症病程與治療方向。 In medical records, these disease abbreviations improve writing efficiency. TNM staging is the universal language for cancer: T for primary tumor size, N for lymph node metastasis, and M for distant metastasis. Understanding TNM means grasping the patient’s cancer progression and treatment direction.
| 中文名稱Diagnosis | 英文全名Full English Name | 英文縮寫Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| 冠狀動脈疾病Coronary Artery Disease | Coronary Artery Disease | CAD |
| 充血性心臟衰竭Congestive Heart Failure | Congestive Heart Failure | CHF |
| 急性心肌梗塞Acute Myocardial Infarction | Acute Myocardial Infarction | AMI |
| 腦血管意外 (中風)Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) | Cerebrovascular Accident | CVA |
| 慢性腎臟病Chronic Kidney Disease | Chronic Kidney Disease | CKD |
| 上呼吸道感染Upper Respiratory Infection | Upper Respiratory Infection | URI |
| 肝細胞癌Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | HCC |
行動的語言：醫囑 (Doctor’s Order) The Language of Action: Doctor’s Orders
病安警示：小心！這些縮寫是「雙面刃」！Patient Safety Alert: Caution! These abbreviations are a “double-edged sword”! 雖然縮寫很方便，但有些縮寫有歧義，是潛在的醫療疏失來源。例如，「DC」在藥囑上是「停止」(Discontinue)，但在檢驗單上是「白血球分類」(Differential Count)，絕對不能搞混！臨床上務必注意上下文，並遵循院內規範，安全第一！ While convenient, some abbreviations are ambiguous and potential sources of medical errors. For example, “DC” can mean “Discontinue” on a medication order but “Differential Count” on a lab request. Never confuse them! Always consider the context, follow institutional guidelines, and prioritize safety!
| 類別Category | 中文名稱Term | 英文/拉丁文來源English/Latin Source | 英文縮寫Abbr. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 給藥頻率Frequency | 每日一次Once a day | quaque die | q.d. |
| 一天兩次Twice a day | bis in die | b.i.d. | |
| 一天三次Three times a day | ter in die | t.i.d. | |
| 一天四次Four times a day | quater in die | q.i.d. | |
| 每四小時Every 4 hours | quaque 4 hora | q4h | |
| 睡前At bedtime | hora somni | h.s. | |
| 需要時給予As needed | pro re nata | p.r.n. | |
| 給藥途徑Route | 口服By mouth | per os | P.O. |
| 靜脈注射Intravenous | intravenous | I.V. | |
| 肌肉注射Intramuscular | intramuscular | I.M. | |
| 皮下注射Subcutaneous | subcutaneous | S.C. / Hypo | |
| 一般指令General Orders | 禁食Nothing by mouth | nil per os | NPO |
| 疑似診斷Rule Out | Rule Out | R/O | |
| 停止Discontinue | Discontinue | D.C. | |
| 手術Operation | Operation | OP |
